IPUMS PMA Samples

For more details on sample design and descriptions of the surveys, see our Sample Notes page.

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Dataset Record1 Round Cases Representative geographic level2 Margin of error Snapshot of Indicators Notes
Burkina Faso 2014 Women and household members 1 9,993 National 2% report (English)
Urban/rural less than 5% report (French)
Burkina Faso 2014 Service delivery points 1 107 National 2% --
Urban/rural less than 5% --

Burkina Faso 2015 Women and household members 2 9,784 National 2% report (English)
Urban/rural less than 5% report (French)
Burkina Faso 2015 Service delivery points 2 107 National 2% --
Urban/rural less than 5% --

Burkina Faso 2016 Women and household members 3 14,918 National 2% report (English)
Urban/rural less than 5% report (French)
Burkina Faso 2016 Service delivery points 3 134 National 2% --
Urban/rural less than 5% --

Burkina Faso 2016 Women and household members 4 15,151 National 2% report (English)
Urban/rural less than 5% report (French)
Burkina Faso 2016 Service delivery points 4 133 National 2% --
Urban/rural less than 5% --

Burkina Faso 2017 Women and household members 5 15,709 National -- report (English)
Burkina Faso 2017 Service delivery points 5 133 National -- --

Burkina Faso 2017 Nutrition - household 1 40,139 National -- --
Burkina Faso 2017 Nutrition - Service delivery points 1 154 National -- --

Burkina Faso 2018 Women and household members 6 15,106 National -- --
Burkina Faso 2018 Service delivery points 6 101 National -- --

Burkina Faso 2018 Nutrition - household 2 17,999 National -- --
Burkina Faso 2018 Nutrition - Service delivery points 2 135 National -- --

Burkina Faso 2020 Women and household members Phase 1 30,361 National -- report (English)
Burkina Faso 2020 Service Delivery Points -- 237 National -- --
Burkina Faso 2020 COVID-19 Survey -- 4,691 National -- --
Burkina Faso 2020 Client Exit Interview -- 946 -- -- --

Burkina Faso 2021 Women and household members Phase 2 30,604 National -- --
Burkina Faso 2021 Service delivery points -- 247 National -- --
Burkina Faso 2021 Client Exit Interview -- 982 -- -- --

Burkina Faso 2021 Women and household members Phase 3 35,428 National -- --

Congo (DR) 2013 Women and household members 1 10,087 Kinshasa less than 2% -- Kinshasa only

Congo (DR) 2014 Women and household members 2 11,228 Kinshasa less than 2% report (English) Kinshasa only
report (French)
Congo (DR) 2014 Service delivery points 2 257 Kinshasa less than 2% -- Kinshasa only

Congo (DR) 2015 Women and household members 3 10,722 Kinshasa less than 2% report (English) Kinshasa only
report (French)
Congo (DR) 2015 Service delivery points 3 254 Kinshasa less than 2% -- Kinshasa only

Congo (DR) 2015 Women and household members 4 10,820 Kinshasa less than 2% report (English) Kinshasa only
report (French)
Congo (DR) 2015 Service delivery points 4 239 Kinshasa less than 2% -- Kinshasa only

Congo (DR) 2015 Women and household members 4 7,351 Kongo Central less than 2% report (English) Kongo Central region only
report (French)
Congo (DR) 2015 Service delivery points 4 122 Kongo Central less than 2% -- Kongo Central region only

Congo (DR) 2016 Women and household members 5 10,456 Kinshasa less than 2% report (English) Kinshasa only
Congo (DR) 2016 Service delivery points 5 183 Kinshasa less than 2% -- Kinshasa only

Congo (DR) 2016 Women and household members 5 7,719 Kongo Central less than 2% -- Kongo Central region only
Congo (DR) 2016 Service delivery points 5 105 Kongo Central less than 2% report (English) Kongo Central region only

Congo (DR) 2017 Women and household members 6 10,049 Kinshasa -- -- Kinshasa only
Congo (DR) 2017 Service delivery points 6 182 Kinshasa -- -- Kinshasa only;
An error occurred in the programming of the survey software for this sample.6

Congo (DR) 2017 Women and household members 6 7,419 Kongo Central -- -- Kongo Central region only
Congo (DR) 2017 Service delivery points 6 117 Kongo Central -- -- Kongo Central region only;
An error occurred in the programming of the survey software for this sample.6

Congo (DR) 2018 Women and household members 7 10,176 Kinshasa -- -- Kinshasa only
Congo (DR) 2018 Service delivery points 7 186 Kinshasa -- -- Kinshasa only

Congo (DR) 2018 Women and household members 7 7,607 Kongo Central -- -- Kongo Central region only
Congo (DR) 2018 Service delivery points 7 124 Kongo Central -- -- Kongo Central region only

Congo (DR) 2019 Women and household members Phase 1 10,368 Kinshasa -- report (English) Kinshasa only
Congo (DR) 2019 Women and household members -- 8,877 Kongo Central -- report (English) Kongo Central region only
Congo (DR) 2019 Service delivery points -- 362 Kinshasa and Kongo Central -- -- Kinshasa and Kongo Central region only

Congo (DR) 2020 COVID-19 Survey -- 1,773 Kinshasa -- -- Kinshasa only
Congo (DR) 2020 Client Exit Interview -- 172 -- -- -- Kinshasa and Kongo Central region only
Congo (DR) 2020 Women and household members Phase 2 9,946 -- -- -- Kinshasa only
Congo (DR) 2020 Women and household members -- 8,944 -- -- -- Kongo Central region only

Congo (DR) 2021 Client Exit Interview -- 83 -- -- -- Kinshasa and Kongo Central region only
Congo (DR) 2021 Service delivery points -- 379 -- -- -- Kinshasa and Kongo Central region only
Congo (DR) 2021 Women and household members Phase 3 13,847 -- -- -- Kinshasa only
Congo (DR) 2021 Women and household members Phase 3 10,797 -- -- -- Kongo Central region only

Côte d'Ivoire 2017 Women and household members 1 12,659 National -- report (English)
report (French)
Côte d'Ivoire 2017 Service delivery points 1 146 National -- report (English)

Côte d'Ivoire 2018 Women and household members 2 12,460 National -- report (English)
Côte d'Ivoire 2018 Service delivery points 2 139 National -- --

Côte d'Ivoire 2020 Women and household members Phase 1 18,728 National -- --
Côte d'Ivoire 2020 Service delivery points -- 220 National -- --
Côte d'Ivoire 2020 Client Exit Interview -- 1,122 -- -- --
Côte d'Ivoire 2020 Abortion Follow-up -- 420 -- -- -- Women who reported having ended a pregnancy in Round 2 and consented to be interviewed again were surveyed in this sample.

Côte d'Ivoire 2021 Women and household members Phase 2 21,987 National -- --

Ethiopia 2014 Women and household members 1 28,538 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
5 regions3 5% --
Ethiopia 2014 Service delivery points 1 397 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
5 regions3 5% --

Ethiopia 2014 Women and household members 2 28,035 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
5 regions3 5% --
Ethiopia 2014 Service delivery points 2 407 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
5 regions3 5% --

Ethiopia 2015 Women and household members 3 31,339 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
5 regions3 5% --
Ethiopia 2015 Service delivery points 3 451 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
5 regions3 5% --

Ethiopia 2016 Women and household members 4 31,563 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
5 regions3 5% --
Ethiopia 2016 Service delivery points 4 461 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
5 regions3 5% --

Ethiopia 2016 Infants (Maternal and newborn health) 1 333 Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' region -- -- Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' region only

Ethiopia 2017 Women and household members 5 31,264 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Ethiopia 2017 Service delivery points 5 452 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Ethiopia 2018 Women and household members 6 31,271 National -- report
Ethiopia 2018 Service delivery points 6 476 National -- --

Ethiopia 2019 Women and household members -- 38,205 National -- report
Ethiopia 2019 Service delivery points -- 817 National -- --
Ethiopia 2019 Maternal and Newborn Health Panel -- 13,244 National -- -- Pregnant and recently post-partum women recruited from cross-sectional Ethiopia 2019 sample

Ethiopia 2020 Service delivery points -- 735 National -- --
Ethiopia 2020 Round 6 Follow-up -- 6,306 National -- -- Women who were interviewed in Round 6 (2018) and consented to be interviewed again were surveyed for this sample.

Ghana 2013 Women and household members 1 16,496 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Ghana 2013 Service delivery points 1 143 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Ghana 2014 Women and household members 2 15,996 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Ghana 2014 Service delivery points 2 132 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Ghana 2014 Women and household members 3 16,995 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Ghana 2014 Service delivery points 3 241 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Ghana 2015 Women and household members 4 18,212 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Ghana 2015 Service delivery points 4 239 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Ghana 2016 Women and household members 5 15,733 National less than 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Ghana 2016 Service delivery points 5 169 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Ghana 2017 Women and household members 6 16,876 National -- --
Ghana 2017 Service delivery points 6 199 National -- --

India 2016 Women and household members 1 23,941 Rajasthan 2% report Rajasthan region only
Urban/rural 3% --
India 2016 Service delivery points 1 308 Rajasthan 2% --
Urban/rural 3% --

India 2017 Women and household members 2 25,290 Rajasthan 2% -- Rajasthan region only
Urban/rural 3% --
India 2017 Service delivery points 2 619 Rajasthan 2% --
Urban/rural 3% --

India 2017 Women and household members 3 25,052 Rajasthan 2% -- Rajasthan region only
Urban/rural 3% --
India 2017 Service delivery points 3 653 Rajasthan 2% --
Urban/rural 3% --

India 2018 Women and household members 4 24,944 Rajasthan -- -- Rajasthan region only
India 2018 Service delivery points 4 623 Rajasthan -- --

India 2020 Women and household members Phase 1 22,800 Rajasthan -- -- Rajasthan region only
India 2020 Service delivery points -- 583 Rajasthan -- -- Rajasthan region only
India 2020 Client Exit Interviews -- 532 Rajasthan -- -- Rajasthan region only

India 2021 Women and household members Phase 2 24,031 Rajasthan -- -- Rajasthan region only

Indonesia 2015 Women and household members 1 48,073 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
South Sulawesi less than 3% --
Makassar district 5% --
Indonesia 2015 Service delivery points 1 931 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
South Sulawesi less than 3% --
Makassar district 5% --

Indonesia 2016 Women and household members 2 47,102 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
South Sulawesi less than 3% --
Makassar district 5% --
Indonesia 2016 Service delivery points 2 992 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
South Sulawesi less than 3% --
Makassar district 5% --

Kenya 2014 Women and household members 1 18,870 National less than 3% report
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --
Kenya 2014 Service delivery points 1 277 National less than 3% --
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --

Kenya 2014 Women and household members 2 20,318 National less than 3% report
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --
Kenya 2014 Service delivery points 2 277 National less than 3% --
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --

Kenya 2015 Women and household members 3 19,729 National less than 3% report
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --
Kenya 2015 Service delivery points 3 358 National less than 3% --
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --

Kenya 2015 Women and household members 4 20,516 National less than 3% report
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --
Kenya 2015 Service delivery points 4 358 National less than 3% --
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --

Kenya 2016 Women and household members 5 26,018 National less than 3% report
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --
Kenya 2016 Service delivery points 5 358 National less than 3% --
Urban/rural 3% --
9 counties4 5% --

Kenya 2017 Women and household members 6 25,604 National -- report
Kenya 2017 Service delivery points 6 428 National -- --

Kenya 2017 Nutrition - household 1 85,644 -- -- --
Kenya 2017 Nutrition - Service delivery points 1 448 National -- --

Kenya 2018 Women and household members 7 25,604 National --
Kenya 2018 Service delivery points 7 428 National -- --

Kenya 2018 Nutrition - household 2 33,336 -- -- --
Kenya 2018 Nutrition - Service delivery points 2 416 National -- --

Kenya 2019 Women and household members Phase 1 42,708 National -- report
Kenya 2019 Service delivery points -- 999 National -- --
Kenya 2019 Client Exit Interviews -- 3,935 -- --

Kenya 2020 COVID-19 Survey -- 6,377 National -- --
Kenya 2020 Women and household members Phase 2 42,674 National -- --
Kenya 2020 Service delivery points -- 993 National -- --
Kenya 2020 Client Exit Interview -- 4,864 -- -- --

Kenya 2021 Women and household members Phase 3 50,938 National -- --

Nigeria 2014 Women and household members 1 11,591 Kaduna less than 2-3% report Kaduna only
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Nigeria 2014 Service delivery points 1 137 Kaduna less than 2-3% -- Kaduna only
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Nigeria 2014 Women and household members 1 3,879 Lagos less than 2-3% report Lagos only
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Nigeria 2014 Service delivery points 1 94 Lagos less than 2-3% -- Lagos only
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Nigeria 2015 Women and household members 2 12,662 Kaduna less than 2-3% report Kaduna only
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Nigeria 2015 Service delivery points 2 153 Kaduna less than 2-3% -- Kaduna only
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Nigeria 2015 Women and household members 2 6,900 Lagos less than 2-3% report Lagos only
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Nigeria 2015 Service delivery points 2 132 Lagos less than 2-3% -- Lagos only
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Nigeria 2016 Women and household members 3 51,292 National less than 2% -- Nation-wide sampling
Urban/rural less than 3% --
7 states5 less than 2-3% --
Nigeria 2016 Service delivery points 3 693 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --
7 states5 less than 2-3% --

Nigeria 2017 Women and household members 4 51,023 National -- report Nation-wide sampling
Nigeria 2017 Service delivery points 4 765 National -- --

Nigeria 2017 Women and household members 1 8,915 Oyo -- -- Oyo region only
Nigeria 2017 Service delivery points 1 229 Oyo -- -- Oyo region only

Nigeria 2018 Women and household members 5 49,742 National -- -- Nation-wide sampling
Nigeria 2018 Service delivery point 5 730 National -- --

Nigeria 2019 Women and household members Phase 1 5,740 Kano -- -- Kano region only
Nigeria 2019 Women and household members Phase 1 6,260 Lagos -- -- Lagos only
Nigeria 2019 Service Delivery Points -- 196 Kano and Lagos -- -- Kano and Lagos only
Nigeria 2019 Client Exit Interviews -- 1,016 Kano and Lagos -- -- Kano and Lagos only
Nigeria 2019 Abortion Follow-up -- 1,353 National -- -- Women who reported having ended a pregnancy in Round 5 and consented to be interviewed again were surveyed in this sample.

Nigeria 2020 COVID-19 Survey -- 1,603 Kano and Lagos -- -- Kano and Lagos only
Nigeria 2020 Women and household members Phase 2 5,902 Kano -- -- Kano region only
Nigeria 2020 Women and household members Phase 2 6,459 Lagos -- -- Lagos only

Nigeria 2021 Women and household members Phase 3 6,354 Kano -- -- Kano region only
Nigeria 2021 Women and household members Phase 3 7,162 Lagos -- -- Lagos only
Nigeria 2021 Service delivery points -- 208 Kano and Lagos -- -- Kano and Lagos only
Nigeria 2021 Client Exit Interview -- 1,273 Kano and Lagos -- -- Kano and Lagos only

Niger 2015 Women and household members 1 6,270 Niamey 3% report (French) Niamey only
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Niger 2015 Service delivery points 1 33 Niamey 3% -- Niamey only
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Niger 2016 Women and household members 2 15,927 National less than 2% report (English) Nation-wide sampling
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Niger 2016 Service delivery points 2 135 National less than 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Niger 2016 Women and household members 3 6,386 Niamey 3% report (English) Niamey only
Urban/rural less than 3% report (French)
Niger 2016 Service delivery points 3 31 Niamey 3% -- Niamey only
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Niger 2017 Women and household members 4 15,839 National less than 2% report Nation-wide sampling
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Niger 2017 Service delivery points 4 132 National -- -- Nation-wide sampling

Niger 2018 Women and household members 5 5,904 Niamey -- -- Niamey only
Niger 2018 Service delivery points 5 31 Niamey -- -- Niamey only

Niger 2020 Women and household members Phase 1 20,239 National -- -- Nation-wide sampling

Niger 2021 Women and household members Phase 2 22,634 National -- -- Nation-wide sampling

Uganda 2014 Women and household members 1 19,620 National 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Uganda 2015 Women and household members 2 18,780 National 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Uganda 2015 Service delivery points 2 369 National 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Uganda 2015 Women and household members 3 18,403 National 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Uganda 2015 Service delivery points 3 378 National 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Uganda 2016 Women and household members 4 20,252 National 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Uganda 2016 Service delivery points 4 380 National 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Uganda 2017 Women and household members 5 20,696 National 2% report
Urban/rural less than 3% --
Uganda 2017 Service delivery points 5 348 National 2% --
Urban/rural less than 3% --

Uganda 2018 Women and household members 6 21,058 National -- report
Uganda 2018 Service delivery points 6 361 National -- --

Uganda 2019 Women and household members -- 24,855 National -- report
Uganda 2019 Service delivery points -- 361 National -- --

Uganda 2020 Women and household members -- 18,989 National -- --
Uganda 2020 Service delivery points -- 357 National -- --
Uganda 2020 Client Exit Interview -- 2,407 -- -- --

Uganda 2021 Women and household members Phase 2 26,114 National -- --

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  1. Record: The unit of analysis for the dataset.
  2. Representative geographic level: Based on the sampling design and number of cases, IPUMS PMA samples are representative to certain geographic levels when using the provided weights. The margin of error increases when analyzing smaller geographic units. Most countries are representative at the national and urban/rural level, but others are only representative for certain geographic regions.
  3. Addis, Amhara, Oromiya, Tigray, and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR)
  4. Bungoma, Kericho, Kiambu, Kilifi, Kitui, Nairobi, Nandi, Nyamira, and Siaya
  5. Anambra, Kaduna, Kano, Lagos, Nasarawa, Rivers, and Taraba
  6. The skip logic for many questions in this survey depend on the variable FACILITYADV. Hospitals, health clinics, and health posts were meant to be considered advanced facilities, but the error in the calculation of FACILITYADV caused these SDPs to not be asked certain questions.